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The National anthem of Canada The Monarchy The Federal Government The Parliamentary System Political Development The Legal System The System of Government The Charter of Rights and Freedoms Geography Canadian Prime Ministers Canada is a constitutional monarchy, a federal state and parliamentary democracy with two official languages and two systems of law: civil law and common law. In 1982, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms was entrenched in the Canadian Constitution. Canada's Constitution was initially a British statute, the British North America Act, 1867, and until 1982, major amendments required action by the British Parliament. Since 1982 when the Constitution was "patriated" - that is, when Canadians obtained the right to amend all parts of the Constitution in Canada - this founding statute has been known as the Constitution Act, 1867-1982. ORIGIN OF THE NAME CANADA In 1535, two Indian Youths told Jacques Cartier about the route to "kanata." They were referring to the village of Stadacona; "kanata" was simply the Huron-Iroquois word for "village" or "settlement." But for want of another name, Cartier used "Canada" to refer not only to Stadacona (the site of present day Quebec City), but also to the entire area subject to its chief, Donnacona. The name was soon applied to a much larger area: maps in 1547 designated everything north of the St. Lawrence River as "Canada." Cartier also called the St. Lawrence River the "riviere de Canada", a name used until the early 1600s. By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada. Soon explorers and fur traders opened up territory to the west and to the south and the area depicted as "Canada" grew. In the early 1700s, the name referred to all lands in what is now the American Midwest and as far south as the present day Louisiana. The first use of "Canada" as an official name came in 1791 when the Province of Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. In 1841, the two Canadas were again united under one name, the Province of Canada. At the time of Confederation, the new country assumed the name of Canada. The National anthem of Canada O Canada! Our home and native land True patriot love in all
thy sons command.
The Monarchy From the days of French colonization and British rule to today's self-government, Canadians have lived under a monarchy. Although Canada has been a self-governing "Dominion" in the British Empire since 1867, full independence for Canada, as for all British colonies, was established only in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster. Elizabeth II, Queen of England, is also Canada's Queen and sovereign of a number of realms. In her capacity as Queen of Canada, she delegates her powers to a Canadian Governor General. Canada is thus a constitutional monarchy: the Queen rules but does not govern. The Federal Government Canada's 33 "Fathers of Confederation" adopted a federal form of government in 1867. A federal state is one that brings together a number of different political communities under a common government for common purposes and separate regional governments for the particular needs of each region. In Canada, the responsibilities of the federal Parliament include national defence, interprovincial and international trade and commerce, the banking and monetary system, criminal law and fisheries. The courts have also awarded to the federal Parliament such powers as aeronautics, shipping, railways, telecommunications and atomic energy. The provincial legislatures are responsible for such matters as education, property and civil rights, the administration of justice, the hospital system, natural resources within their borders, social security, health and municipal institutions. The Parliamentary System The roots of Canada's parliamentary system lie in Britain. In keeping with traditions handed down by the British Parliament, the Canadian Parliament is composed of the Queen (who is represented in Canada by the Governor General), the Senate and the House of Commons. The Senate, also called the Upper House, is patterned after the British House of Lords. Its 104 members are appointed, not elected, and are divided essentially among Canada's four main regions of Ontario, Quebec, the West and the Atlantic Provinces. The Senate has the same powers as the House of Commons, with a few exceptions. The House of Commons is the major law-making body. It currently has 301 members, one from each of the 301 constituencies or electoral districts. The Canadian Constitution requires the election of a new House of Commons at least every five years. As in the United Kingdom and the United States, in Canada voters elect a single member for their electoral constituency, in one round of balloting. In each constituency, the candidate who gets the largest number of votes is elected, even if his or her vote is less than half the total. Candidates usually represent a recognized political party - although some run as independents - and the party that wins the largest number of seats ordinarily forms the government. Its leader is asked by the Governor General to become Prime Minister. The real executive authority is in the hands of the Cabinet, under the direction of the Prime Minister. In general, the Prime Minister is the leader of the party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons and is vested with extensive powers. It is the Prime Minister who chooses the ministers from among the members of Parliament in the governing party. Strictly speaking, the Prime Minister and Cabinet are the advisers of the monarch. "De facto" power, however, lies with the Cabinet, and the Governor General acts on its advice. Cabinet develops government policy and is responsible to the House of Commons. The Government of Canada, headed by its Cabinet of some 25 ministers, performs its duties through the intermediary of the federal departments and agencies, boards, commissions and state-owned corporations. Political Development Canada, which had been a self-governing colony in 1867, rose to the status of an independent state after its participation in World War I and achieved "de jure" independence with the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The Constitution of 1867 had one serious flaw: it contained no general formula for constitutional amendment. It was necessary to address the British Parliament in London each time the founding statute needed change. An amending formula should have been included in the Constitution at the time of the coming into force of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, but it was not until November 1981, after numerous attempts, that the federal government and the provinces (except Quebec) agreed to the amending formula that is now part of the Constitution Act, 1982. Since that time, all parts of the Constitution can be amended only in Canada. A Flexible System The Canadian constitutional system has been changed over the years, sometimes quite extensively, but always peacefully and gradually. In the 1980s and 1990s, two major efforts were made at reform. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord sought to bring Quebec back into Canada's constitutional family by meeting five constitutional conditions set out by Quebec. The conditions centred on provincial participation in the appointment of Supreme Court judges and senators, the Constitution's amending formula, increased powers for the provinces in immigration matters, some reduction in federal spending powers and a constitutional declaration that Quebec is a "distinct society." However, the Meech Lake Accord was not implemented because it did not obtain the legislative consent of all provinces and the federal government. In 1991-92, another round of constitutional reform was initiated, leading to the Charlottetown Accord. The Accord, which was supported by the Prime Minister, the 10 provincial premiers, the two territorial leaders and four national Aboriginal leaders, provided for a reformed Senate and changes to the division of legislative powers between the federal and provincial governments. It also supported the right of Canada's Aboriginal peoples to inherent self-government and recognized Quebec as a distinct society. The Accord, however, was rejected by Canadians in a national referendum held on October 26, 1992. The Parliament of Canada has since passed a bill, on February 2, 1996, guaranteeing Canada's 5 major regions that no constitutional change concerning them would be made without their unanimous consent. As well, less than a month after the Quebec sovereignty referendum of October 30, 1995, the Parliament of Canada passed a resolution recognizing Quebec as a distinct society. The Government of Canada is also transferring greater responsibility for some programs and services to the provinces. Examples of some of the areas in which these changes are taking place include labour-market training and mining and forestry development. Today, the parliamentary system is still the form of government that is the choice of Canadians. The federal structure, with the sharing of powers it entails, is the one formula that can take into account Canada's geographical realities, the diversity of its cultural communities and its dual legal and linguistic heritage. The Legal System Canada is a young country, but it has a legal system rich in tradition. Common law, which is used in all provinces except Quebec, is based on principles that were developed in medieval England. The principles of Quebec's civil law date back even further, to the Roman Empire, and reflect many of the precepts of French law. These traditions form the basis of Canada's legal heritage. Over time, they have been adapted to meet Canadian needs. The courts interpret the law in a way that reflects changing conditions and circumstances. The Canadian Constitution Canada's Constitution is the supreme law of the country, and it establishes the framework for the system of law and justice. It sets out the basic rights of individuals in Canada, and defines the nature and powers of the federal and provincial governments. The System of Government Under Canada's federal system of government, the authority to make laws is divided between the Parliament of Canada and the provincial legislatures. The federal Parliament deals with matters that affect all of Canada, such as interprovincial trade and commerce, national defence and criminal law. As well, the federal government has responsibility for Aboriginal people and lands reserved for Aboriginal people. The provincial legislatures have the authority to make laws in such areas as education, property rights, the administration of justice, hospitals, municipalities and other local or private matters. In addition, the provinces may create local or municipal governments that can deal with matters such as parking regulations or local building standards. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms became a fundamental part of the Canadian Constitution. The Charter sets out the basic rights and liberties of each person in Canada, which must be respected by all governments. Anyone who believes these rights have been violated may apply to the courts for redress. The courts may declare any federal or provincial law to be of no force or effect where it is not consistent with the Charter. The Charter protects rights and liberties in the following areas: fundamental freedoms - including freedom of expression, religion, association and peaceful assembly democratic rights - the right to vote in elections and to be eligible to run for public office mobility rights - the right to travel, live and work anywhere in Canada language rights - for instance, the right to receive services from the federal government in either of Canada's two official languages, English or French equality rights - guaranteeing protection against discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, religion, colour, sex, age, or mental or physical disability legal rights - including the rights to life, liberty and security of the person; to consult a lawyer if arrested; to stand trial within a reasonable period of time; to be presumed innocent until proven guilty; and to be protected against unreasonable searches, arbitrary imprisonment and cruel or unusual punishment minority language education rights - the right of Canadians who are part of the French or English minority of a province to have their children educated in their own language. The Constitution also specifically recognizes and affirms the existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. International Law Canada is also governed by the rules of international law, whether based on custom or on treaty. Many issues cannot be dealt with domestically and may require the cooperation of several governments. Some examples are transboundary pollution, fishing of straddling or migratory stocks, international money laundering, and trade issues. Legislation and Regulation Within the limits set out by the Constitution, laws can be made or changed by means of written statutes enacted by Parliament or a provincial or territorial legislature. Any Member of Parliament or a legislature may propose a new law, but most new laws are put forward by the government in power. A proposed law must be presented for consideration by all members, who study and debate it. The proposal becomes a statute only if it is approved by the majority. Federal laws must be approved by both Houses of Parliament: the House of Commons and the Senate. Common Law and Civil Law The laws that deal with private matters between individuals, such as property ownership, family responsibilities and business transactions, vary from province to province. This area of law is based on common law in nine of Canada's 10 provinces. Common law is a system based on judgments made by courts, which become "precedents" that establish the underlying principles of the law. The law in Quebec, however, is based on a written code (the Code civil), which contains general principles and rules for different types of situations. When a case is considered under civil law, the judge looks first to this written code for guidance and then to the precedents set by earlier decisions. Although the approach used in common law is different from that in civil law, the resulting decisions are often much the same. The Courts Canada's laws are interpreted and applied by the courts, which are presided over by judges whose independence is guaranteed. Each province is responsible for establishing its own courts, which deal with matters arising under both federal and provincial law. In addition, the federal Parliament has established a number of courts of specialized jurisdiction and a general court of appeal, the Supreme Court of Canada. The court system of each province is generally divided into two levels. At the first level is the Provincial Court, which deals with most criminal offences. This level may also include Small Claims courts, which deal with private disputes involving limited sums of money, and Youth and Family courts. Judges at this level are appointed by the provinces. At the second level is the provincial Superior Court, which deals with the trial of the most serious criminal and civil cases. Above this level of court is the provincial Court of Appeal, which hears appeals from the lower courts. Judges at these levels are appointed by the federal government. The Parliament of Canada established the Federal Court to deal with claims against the federal government (as do the provincial Superior Courts). The Federal Court also deals with such matters as patents, copyright and maritime law, appeals from federal boards and tribunals, and appeals from the Tax Court of Canada, which has jurisdiction in federal revenue matters. The highest court in the country is the Supreme Court of Canada. This court hears appeals from the provincial and federal appeal courts. Its decision is always final. In addition, both the provinces and the federal government have established a number of specialized boards and tribunals that deal with such matters as broadcasting licences, safety standards and labour relations. Law Enforcement The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), maintained by the federal government, is Canada's national police force. The RCMP enforces many federal statutes, with particular emphasis on criminal and narcotics laws. The RCMP is the sole police force in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Eight provinces employ the RCMP to carry out provincial policing responsibilities within their borders, such as highway patrol and assisting municipal police forces in the investigation of serious crimes. The provinces of Ontario and Quebec have their own police forces. Some municipalities employ a local police force. Where no municipal force exists, local services are provided by either the federal or the provincial police force. Legal Advice The legal profession is regulated by the provincial and territorial law societies, which determine standards for admission to practise in each province and territory. All provinces and territories operate publicly funded legal aid programs, providing legal advice at little or no cost to persons of limited means. The specific requirements for using these programs differ from province to province, but in each case their purpose is the same: to ensure that everyone can have access to proper legal representation when necessary, regardless of financial circumstances. OUR RIGHTS AND OUR FREEDOMS In Canada, our rights and our freedoms are entrenched in our Constitution. Since 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which protects Canadians' fundamental rights and freedoms, has been an integral part of the Constitution. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies to the Canadian and provincial governments and guarantees citizens the following rights:
The Charter recognizes that the rights and freedoms it guarantees are subject to reasonable limits consistent with the values of a free and democratic society. A balance has thus been struck between individual rights and collective rights, and respect for both is ensured. Canada is a world leader in guaranteeing the rights of its citizens, including the language rights of its official language minorities. Canadians have always been strong defenders of human rights throughout the world. In fact, John Humphrey, a law professor at McGill University, was one of the drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and was the first director of the human rights program at the United Nations. Occupying the northern half of the North American continent, Canada has a land mass of 9 970 610 km 2, making it the second-largest country in the world after Russia. From east to west, Canada encompasses six time zones.Canada's motto, "From Sea to Sea," is geographically inaccurate. In addition to its coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific, Canada has a third sea coast on the Arctic Ocean, giving it the longest coastline of any country. To the south, Canada shares an 8892 km boundary with the United States. To the north, the Arctic islands come within 800 km of the North Pole. Canada's neighbour across the Arctic Ocean is Russia. Because of the harsh northern climate, only 12 percent of the land is suitable for agriculture. Thus, most of the population of 30 million live within a few hundred kilometres of the southern border, where the climate is milder, in a long thin band stretching between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. If you fly over Manitoba or northern Ontario in summer, you will see more water than land: lakes, big and small, so many that they could not possibly be counted. It has been estimated that Canada has one-seventh of the world's fresh water. In addition to the Great Lakes, which it shares with the United States, Canada has many large rivers and lakes. Canada is divided into seven regions, each with a very different landscape and climate. 1. The Pacific Coast Bathed by warm, moist Pacific air currents, the British Columbia coast, indented by deep fiords and shielded from Pacific storms by Vancouver Island, has the most moderate climate of Canada's regions. Vancouver Island's west coast receives an exceptional amount of rain, giving it a temperate rain forest climate. Although it does not contain the diversity of species of a tropical rain forest, the island's west coast does have the oldest and tallest trees in Canada: Western Red Cedars 1300 years old and Douglas firs 90 m high. 2. The Cordillera From British Columbia to just east of the Alberta border the land is young, with rugged mountains and high plateaus. Signs of geologically-recent volcanic activity can be seen in Garibaldi Provincial Park in southern British Columbia and at Mount Edziza in the north. The Rocky Mountains, the Coastal Mountains and other ranges, running north to south, posed major engineering problems for the builders of the transcontinental railways and highways. Canada's highest peaks, however, are not in the Rockies, but in the St. Elias Mountains, an extension of the Cordillera stretching north into the Yukon and Alaska. The highest point in Canada, Mount Logan (6050 m), rises amid a huge icefield in the southwest corner of Yukon, the largest icecap south of the Arctic Circle. The British Columbia interior varies from alpine snowfields to deep valleys where desert-like conditions prevail. On the leeward side of the mountains, for example, a rain-shadow effect is created, forcing Okanagan Valley farmers to irrigate their orchards and vineyards. 3. The Prairies To drive across the Prairies is to see endless fields of wheat ripening under a sky that seems to go on forever. The plains of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are among the richest grain-producing regions in the world. Yet, even here are surprises. If you leave the road at Brooks, Alberta, and drive north, you descend into the Red Deer River Valley. Here, in desert-like conditions, water and wind have created strange shapes in the sandstone called "hoodoos." The same forces of erosion have uncovered some of the largest concentrations of dinosaur fossils in the world. 4. The Canadian Shield A huge inland sea called Hudson Bay extends into the heart of Canada, and wrapped around this bay is a rocky region called the Canadian Shield. Canada's largest geographical feature, it stretches east to Labrador, south to Kingston on Lake Ontario and northwest as far as the Arctic Ocean. The Shield is considered to be the nucleus of the North American continent. Its gneiss and granite rocks are 3.5 billion years old, three-quarters the age of the Earth. Scraped by the advance and retreat of glaciers, the Shield has only a thin layer of soil that supports a boreal forest of spruce, fir, tamarack and pine. The region is a storehouse of minerals, including gold, silver, zinc, copper and uranium. 5. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands Southern Quebec and Ontario, the industrial heartland of Canada, contain Canada's two largest cities, Montreal and Toronto. In this small region, 50 percent of Canadians live and 70 percent of Canada's manufactured goods are produced. The region also has prime agricultural land, for example, the Niagara Peninsula. The large expanses of lakes Erie and Ontario extend the number of frost-free days, permitting the cultivation of grapes, peaches, pears and other fruits. The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence region is sugar maple country. In the autumn, the sugar maple leaves, Canada's national symbol, are ablaze in red, orange and gold. The sap is collected in spring and evaporated to make maple syrup and sugar, a culinary delicacy first prepared and used by the Aboriginal North American peoples. 6. The Atlantic Provinces-Appalachian Region New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland are the smallest Canadian provinces, and were the first to be settled by Europeans. The Grand Banks have been called the "wheat fields" of Newfoundland. This shallow continental shelf extends 400 km off the east coast, where the mixing of ocean currents has created one of the richest fishing grounds in the world. Once thought to contain a virtually inexhaustible supply of fish, the Banks are now considered a vulnerable resource that must be wisely managed. The Atlantic provinces are an extension of the Appalachians, an ancient mountain range. Much of the region has low, rugged hills and plateaus and a deeply indented coastline. Agriculture flourishes in the fertile valleys, such as the Saint John River Valley, in New Brunswick, and the Annapolis Valley, in Nova Scotia. Prince Edward Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence has a gently rolling landscape with a rich, red soil. This fertile island is Canada's smallest province, making up a mere 0.1 percent of Canada's land mass. 7. The Arctic North of the tree-line is a land of harsh beauty. During the short summer, when daylight is nearly continuous and a profusion of flowers blooms on the tundra, the temperature can reach 30oC. Yet the winters are long, bitterly cold and dark. The Arctic is no longer an inaccessible frontier. Inuvik, in the Mackenzie delta, can be reached by road, and every community is served by air. Most have electricity, stores and health services. North of the mainland is a maze of islands separated by convoluted straits and sounds, the most famous of which link together to form the fabled Northwest Passage, the route to the Orient sought by so many early explorers.
Canada's climate is characterized by its diversity, as temperature and precipitation differ from region to region and from season to season. While it is true that in the extreme north temperatures climb above 0 oC for only a few months a year, most Canadians live within 300 km of the country's southern border, where mild springs, hot summers and pleasantly crisp autumns prevail at least 7 months of 12.The seasons dictate the look of the land: according to whether the natural environment is in a state of dormancy or growth, Canadians may be alpine skiing...or water skiing. While seasonal change signals fluctuations in temperature and the number of hours of sunshine, the shifting position of air masses also plays a part. The usual air flow from west to east is disrupted in winter when cold, dry air moves down from the Arctic and in summer when warm, tropical air moves up from the southeast. Added to these factors are the effect of mountain ranges, plains and large bodies of water. The West Coast The coast of British Columbia has the most temperate climate in Canada, thanks to warm, moist Pacific Ocean airstreams. The province's most populous cities, Vancouver and Victoria, enjoy comfortable and relatively dry summers and mild, wet winters. Snow seldom falls in low-lying areas, and when it does, it usually melts the same day. The Cordilleran mountain system, which includes the Coastal Range and the Rocky Mountains, blocks the warm, moist Pacific air from the interior plains of the Prairie provinces. As the moist air is forced to rise over the mountains, it cools and falls on the western slopes in heavy amounts of precipitation, as rain at lower altitudes and snow at higher ones. The valleys between the mountain ranges receive much less precipitation and experience warm, even scorching, summers. The Prairies Part of the vast central plains of North America, the Canadian Prairies extend east from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes. Here, cold winters and hot summers are the norm, with relatively light precipitation. For instance, in the dry southern portion of Saskatchewan, annual precipitation averages less than 300 mm. Manitoba, the wettest of the Prairie provinces, receives about 500 mm each year. Spring rains and dry autumn conditions have helped make the Prairies one of the top grain-growing areas of the world. Farming is not without its risk, however, in the form of wind erosion, drought, thunderstorms and hailstorms and unseasonably early autumn frosts. Among the most remarkable features of the Prairie winter is the "chinook," a warm, usually dry winter wind that affects much of southern Alberta. The chinook sweeps down from the Rocky Mountains and has been known to raise temperatures as much as 16oC in a single day. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region More than half the Canadian population lives close to the Great Lakes or along the St. Lawrence River. Here, winter brings heavy snowfalls. Summers tend to be longer and more humid than elsewhere in Canada. Rainfall varies little year to year and is ample enough to sustain some of the best farming areas in Canada. Mean daily temperatures reach close to 20oC from mid-June to mid-September, with week-long heat waves in the 30s a not uncommon occurrence. Warm, sunny days and crisp, cool nights make the fall season popular. Atlantic Canada The combined influence of continental air masses with air currents off the ocean give this region one of the most rugged and most variable climates anywhere in the country. In winter, mean temperatures can vary markedly as Arctic air is replaced by maritime air from passing storms. Snowfall is relatively heavy, and fog is common in spring and early summer. The warmest month is July, when mean temperatures are in the 16 to 18oC range. The North Spanning the entire country north of the Prairies and the populated Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region is the boreal forest. This area is usually snow-covered more than half the year; its "summer" - the frost-free period - lasts barely two months. Precipitation is light, except along the coast of Labrador where the influence of Atlantic storms is felt. Farther north, above the tree-line, lies the Arctic. Here, temperatures rise above freezing only a few weeks a year. Just a metre below the delicate but tenacious vegetation that grows in summer, the ground remains permanently frozen. Temperature and Precipitation Averages in Canada January April July October YearlyVancouver (British Columbia) Temperature (oC) Daily Maximum 5.7 12.7 21.7 13.5 13.5Daily Minimum 0.1 4.9 12.7 6.4 6.1Daily Mean 3.0 8.8 17.2 10.0 9.9Precipitation Rainfall (mm) 131.6 74.9 36.1 115.3 1117.2Snowfall (cm) 20.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 54.9Total (mm) 149.8 75.4 36.1 115.3 1167.4Regina (Saskatchewan) Temperature (oC) Daily Maximum -11.0 10.5 26.3 11.9 8.9Daily Minimum -22.1 -2.4 11.9 -1.7 -3.8Daily Mean -16.5 4.1 19.1 5.1 2.6Precipitation Rainfall (mm) 0.5 13.2 58.9 13.6 280.5Snowfall (cm) 19.2 8.8 0.0 7.6 107.4Total (mm) 14.7 20.4 58.9 20.3 364.0Toronto (Ontario) Temperature (oC) Daily Maximum -2.5 11.5 26.8 14.1 12.3Daily Minimum -11.1 0.6 14.2 3.6 1.9Daily Mean -6.7 6.0 20.5 8.9 7.2Precipitation Rainfall (mm) 18.5 56.0 76.6 62.0 664.7Snowfall (cm) 32.3 7.3 0.0 1.1 124.2Total (mm) 45.6 64.0 76.6 63.0 780.8Montreal (Quebec) Temperature (�C) Daily Maximum -5.8 10.7 26.2 13.0 10.9Daily Minimum -14.9 0.6 15.4 3.6 1.2Daily Mean -10.3 5.7 20.8 8.3 6.1Precipitation Rainfall (mm) 20.8 62.6 85.6 72.8 736.3Snowfall (cm) 47.7 10.9 0.0 2.6 214.2Total (mm) 63.3 74.8 85.6 75.4 939.7Halifax (Nova Scotia) Temperature (�C) Daily Maximum -0.3 7.8 21.8 13.3 10.6Daily Minimum -8.9 -0.2 13.1 5.2 2.3Daily Mean -4.6 3.9 17.5 9.3 6.5Precipitation Rainfall (mm) 81.5 94.5 97.8 119.8 1178.1Snowfall (cm) 48.9 14.1 0.0 1.8 192.6Total (mm) 128.9 110.1 97.8 121.7 1370.7St. John's (Newfoundland) Temperature (�C) Daily Maximum -0.7 4.8 20.2 10.6 8.6Daily Minimum -7.9 -2.2 10.5 3.4 0.8Daily Mean -4.3 1.3 15.4 7.0 4.7Precipitation Rainfall (mm) 69.3 79.6 77.9 147.4 1163.1Snowfall (cm) 83.0 26.8 0.0 4.0 322.1Total (mm) 147.8 110.4 77.9 151.7 1481.CANADIAN PRIME MINISTERS
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